Subjective pain (assessed by visual analogue scale in pain diary and by chairside archwire activation), periodontal status (assessed by periodontal clinical parameters), cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (interleukin 1β, prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub>, substance P) and periodontopathic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola) in supragingival plaque were assessed.
Intra-mPFC microinjection of naloxonazine (a mu-opioid receptor antagonist, 1 μg/0.25 μL) and AM251 (a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, 1 μg/0.25 μL) increased both phases of pain intensity.
The combination of both bradykinin and substance P reporter substances with specific enzyme inhibitors will shed more light on biochemical pathways in inflammatory processes and pain.
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the catechol-O-methyltransferaseVal158Met polymorphism on heat pain perception in a cohort of adults receiving daily opioid therapy for chronic pain.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme has a major role in the adjustment of catechol-dependent functions, for example, cognition, cardiac function, and pain processing.
Gene expression was determined at baseline and after fibroblast stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), modeling inflammation as a common pain trigger in FD.
The combination of both bradykinin and substance P reporter substances with specific enzyme inhibitors will shed more light on biochemical pathways in inflammatory processes and pain.
Phenylephrine at high concentrations causes calcium transients in trigeminal afferents, CGRP release and increased meningeal blood flow upon activation of TRPV1 receptor channels, which is likely underlying the reported pain phenomena.
Ginger extracts and its compound, 6-shogaol, reduced pain symptoms in PDN via its effect on decreasing TRPV1 and NMDAR2B expressions in the spinal cord, with very limited effect on pancreatic islets.
We conclude that both native and recombinant PnTx3-5 are potent TRPV1 receptor antagonists with antinociceptive action on pain behavior evoked by capsaicin.
We observed that antibiotics treatment-prolonged nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced acute migraine-like pain in wild-type (WT) mice and the pain prolongation was completely blocked by genetic deletion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) or intra-spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) injection of TNFα receptor antagonist.
Using the surgical medial meniscal transection (MNX) model and the chemical monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) model of OA pain in male rats, the effects of peripheral BDNF injection, vs sequestering endogenous BDNF with TrkB-Fc chimera, on established pain behaviour were determined.
Painful (mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, ongoing pain and arthritis score) and inflammatory (oedema, plasma extravasation, cell infiltration and IL-1β release) parameters were assessed several hours after intra-articular injection of MSU (100 µg/articulation) in wild-type or knockout mice for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transient receptor potential (TRP) V1 and the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R).
COX-2 inhibitors could be considered a suitable alternative to ibuprofen for pain relief after third molar extraction in patients at risk of developing nausea and vomiting.
The downregulation of Cav-1 through the subcutaneous injection of Cav-1 inhibitor daidzein ameliorated the pain hypersensitivity and TLR4 expression in the spinal cord in diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) rats.
Cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX)-1 and COX-2 are important targets for pain relief after surgery, but the spinal contribution of both isoforms is still unclear, e.g., from a developmental point of view.
Overall, it is clear that the MOR is not a simple on-off switch and that the diverse means by which the receptor can be regulated may present an opportunity to refine therapeutics for the treatment of pain.